What Gives Soap Its Cleaning Ability?

If your clothes are dirty, you usually only need to soak them in water, rub some soap, and then wash them with clean water. Why can water and soap be used for decontamination?

　　Because of ordinary soap, its main ingredients are sodium and potassium salts of higher fatty acids. Some of the molecules of these salts are soluble in water and are called "hydrophilic groups"; the other part is insoluble in water but soluble in oils and is called "lipophilic groups." When soap molecules and oil molecules meet, the hydrophilic base of soap dissolves in water and the lipophilic base dissolves in oil. Because soap molecules are both hydrophilic and lipophilic, they can connect the originally incompatible oil and water.

　　Oil dirt and other things are surrounded by soap molecules and water molecules, their adhesion to the clothes fibers is reduced. Once scrubbed, the soap liquid penetrates into different amounts of air and generates a large amount of foam. The surface of the foam seems to have a tense film, which not only enlarges the surface area of the soap liquid but also makes the soap liquid more contractile. The contraction force of this liquid surface is usually called surface tension. Under the action of surface tension, the oily dust and other particles on the clothes will easily leave the clothes and go with the water. This is the secret of soap decontamination.

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